Sensors, Circuits, and Actuators

This unit develops hands‑on skills for building, programming, and testing Arduino-based input/output systems, including sensors, motors, shields, and basic circuit assembly. Students will combine datasheet interpretation, soldering and workspace safety, sketch modification, sensor smoothing and calibration to create reliable prototypes that build on earlier foundations and prepare for integrated projects in the final unit.

Learning Objectives

• Analyze component datasheets and resistor color codes to select appropriate parts and interpret electrical specifications for circuit design
• Apply safe workspace practices and soldering techniques to assemble shields and prototype circuits that meet functional requirements
• Demonstrate modification and debugging of Arduino sketches to read and smooth analog inputs, calibrate sensors, and control motor speed and outputs
• Evaluate sensor and actuator performance (buttons, lasers, compasses, Adafruit modules) and implement filtering or calibration strategies to improve accuracy and reliability